The examples provided on this guide follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition.
Note: see the slideshow in the box below for additional information and examples.
An in-text citation is needed when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in the reference list of the paper. (The only exception to this is personal communications, which are cited in-text but are not included on the references list.)
Parenthetical
Successful engagement in the flipped classroom is dependent upon early buy-in from students (Gilboy et al., 2015).
Narrative
A study conducted by Gilboy et al. (2015) showed that successful engagement in the flipped classroom is dependent upon early buy-in from students.
In 2015, Gilboy et al. conducted a study of flipped classrooms and concluded that successful engagement was dependent upon early buy-in from students.
Parenthetical
A recent study on sustainable fashion consumption shows "there is a clear matching of the associated costs of sustainable fashion with increased perceptions of value" (Lundblad & Davies, 2015, p. 159).
Narrative
In their study on sustainable fashion consumption, Lundblad and Davies (2015) found that "there is a clear matching of the associated costs of sustainable fashion with increased perceptions of value" (p. 159).
Parenthetical
To be an anti-racist is to actively fight against the system of racism:
The opposite of racist isn't 'not racist.' It is 'anti-racist.' What's the difference? One endorses either the idea of a racial hierarchy as a racist, or racial equality as an anti-racist. One either believes problems are rooted in groups of people, as a racist, or locates the roots of problems in power and policies, as an anti-racist. One either allows racial inequities to persevere, as a racist, or confronts racial inequities, as an anti-racist. There is no in-between safe space of 'not racist. (Kendi, 2019, p. 9)
Narrative
Kendi (2019) explains what it means to be anti-racist:
The opposite of racist isn't 'not racist.' It is 'anti-racist.' What's the difference? One endorses either the idea of a racial hierarchy as a racist, or racial equality as an anti-racist. One either believes problems are rooted in groups of people, as a racist, or locates the roots of problems in power and policies, as an anti-racist. One either allows racial inequities to persevere, as a racist, or confronts racial inequities, as an anti-racist. There is no in-between safe space of 'not racist. (p. 9)